Examination of Income Inequalities of Hungarian Households in 2012 Using a Microsimulation Model

The paper estimates the distribution of income of the Hungarian households in 2012. Since the first statistical data concerning the incomes of 2012 will be available only in 2014, the figures have been determined by a microsimulation model. It ages the income data of the official Household Budget Survey (HBS) of 2010 published in 2012 by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. The early information on income distribution among different social strata is useful for both policy makers and for researchers. The HBS is a representative sample of households; therefore their weights have to be adjusted in every step of the microsimulation, assuring the best fit to already known macroeconomic data. This means that the model is dynamic although statically aged. The income inequalities are presented by income deciles, by the number of dependent children, by age structure of households, by activity status and by region and settlement types

Importance of Soil Quality in Environment Protection

Soil quality can be characterised by the harmony between it’s physical and biological state and the fertility. From the practical crop production viewpoint, some important contrasting factors of soil quality are: (1) soil looseness – compaction; (2) aggregation – clod and dust formation; friable structure – smeared or cracked structure; (3) organic material: conservation – decrease; (4) soil moisture: conservation – loss; water transmission – water-logging; (5) at least soil condition as a result of the long term ef ect of land use moderates or strengthens climatic harm. In our long-term research project practical soil quality factors were examined in arable i eld and experimental conditions. We state that prevention of the soil quality deterioration can be done by the developing and maintaining harmony between land use and environment. Elements of the soil quality conditions such as looseness, aggregation, workability, organic matter, water transport are examined and the improving methods are suggested. Tillage and production factors which can be adopted to alleviate the harmful climatic impacts are also summarised

Digital literacies for amateurs and professionals

Information literacy education can benefit from a balanced view of different literacies and thoroughly scrutinized approaches to their relationship to amateurs and professionals. An analysis and synthesis of an interdisciplinary body of the literature shows that the most prevailing concepts are information literacy, digital literacy and media literacy. An overview of these literacies is provided. The discussion of literacies is unimaginable without taking the Web 2.0 and of the attention economy into consideration, determined to a high degree by social interaction with the participation of amateurs. There are not equally influential in different information institutions. The vast majority of amateurs can make good use of public library services or uses other libraries for non-professional purposes. It is scholars, who continue to require “traditional” “professionally-minded” services, even though they heavily rely on informal information gathering. They require a different kind of literacy, similar to the traditional conception of information literacy